Climate Justice: International Court of Justice Hearings Start Monday, December 2nd

/ activist360
Exterieur the International Court of Justice (ICJ)
ICJ – THE HAGUE (Netherlands), 1 February 2012 – Exterieur the International Court of Justice (ICJ), on Wednesday 1 February 2012. Photo: CIJ-ICJ/UN-ONU, Capital Photos/Frank van Beek – Courtesy of the ICJ. All rights reserved

Significance of the Public Hearings

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) will hold a series of public hearings on the “Obligations of States in Respect of Climate Change.” Taking place from December 2 to December 13, 2024, at the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands, these hearings aim to clarify the responsibilities of countries and legal sovereignties under international law regarding climate change. With 98 countries and 12 international organizations participating, this event underscores the urgent need for global collaboration in addressing the climate crisis. By exploring legal frameworks, the ICJ’s findings will shape future efforts to protect the environment for current and future generations.

Role of the International Court of Justice (ICJ)

The ICJ is the principal judicial body of the United Nations (UN), established in 1945 and operational since 1946. Based in The Hague, it operates from the iconic Peace Palace and comprises 15 judges elected for nine-year terms by the UN General Assembly and Security Council.

Key Functions of the ICJ:

  • Settling disputes between states: The ICJ resolves legal conflicts submitted by nations, adhering strictly to international law.

  • Issuing advisory opinions: Upon request from authorized UN bodies, the ICJ provides non-binding but influential guidance on legal questions.

While its rulings in disputes are binding, advisory opinions are not legally enforceable. However, these opinions carry significant moral and legal weight, often shaping international policies and behaviors. The ICJ’s work fosters global cooperation and strengthens the rule of law in international relations.

Background of the Climate Change Hearings

In March 2023, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution A/RES/77/276, requesting an advisory opinion from the ICJ to clarify countries’ obligations regarding climate change. This resolution stems from growing concerns about the insufficient legal accountability for environmental harm caused by greenhouse gas emissions.

Core Legal Questions:

At the hearing, countries and legal countries are being asked to address the following:

  1. Obligations of states: What duties do nations have under international law to protect the climate system from human-caused emissions for present and future generations?

  2. Legal consequences: What are the legal ramifications for countries that, through action or inaction, significantly harm the climate system? This includes:

    • Impacts on vulnerable states: Small island nations and others disproportionately affected by climate change.

    • Effects on individuals: The rights and wellbeing of current and future generations.

        These questions address critical gaps in accountability and aim to establish clearer responsibilities for states under international law.

        Participants and Their Roles

        The hearings will feature 98 states and 12 international organizations, each presenting their perspectives and concerns. For eample, some of the participating legal sovereignties and groups include:

        • Small Island Nations: Countries like Vanuatu will highlight the existential threat posed by rising sea levels and extreme weather, emphasizing the urgency of global action.

        • Major Powers: Nations like the United States and China will provide insights into their roles as major greenhouse gas emitters, outlining their policies and responsibilities in reducing emissions.

        • International Organizations: Entities such as the African Union and European Union will focus on promoting regional cooperation and aligning efforts to achieve climate resilience and sustainability.

        Participants aim to showcase their unique challenges and propose actionable solutions. For example:

        • Small island nations will advocate for stronger protections and financial support to adapt to climate impacts. These nations often face existential threats due to rising sea levels and intensified natural disasters.

        • Larger nations may discuss their responsibilities under international agreements, highlighting efforts to reduce emissions, promote renewable energy, and support global climate initiatives.

        • Regional organizations will stress the importance of collective action, urging countries to collaborate on solutions that benefit both regional and global communities.

        By bringing diverse voices to the table, the hearings will offer a comprehensive picture of the climate crisis and foster a sense of shared responsibility among nations.

        Schedule of Presentations

        The hearings are scheduled with each participant allotted a specific time slot to present their statements. Some of the notable dates and participants include:

        • December 2, 2024: Opening proceedings and presentations by Vanuatu, South Africa, Germany, and others.

        • December 4, 2024: United States, Russian Federation, and Fiji, among others.

        • December 6, 2024: Statements by Kenya, Jamaica, and the African Union.

        The topics covered will include:

        • Legal frameworks: Obligations under treaties like the Paris Agreement.

        • Climate vulnerabilities: Specific risks faced by participating states.

        • Policy recommendations: Proposed actions to strengthen international accountability.

        Why These Hearings Matter

        The ICJ’s advisory opinion holds the potential to reshape the global approach to climate change by providing legal clarity and moral authority on the obligations of states. Here’s why these hearings are significant:

        • Clarifying International Law: The hearings aim to define the specific legal responsibilities of states under international treaties, such as the Paris Agreement, to mitigate and adapt to climate change.

        • Promoting Accountability: By addressing gaps in enforcement, the ICJ’s opinion could encourage countries to align their policies with their legal obligations, setting higher standards for global action.

        • Fostering Global Cooperation: The hearings bring together diverse voices from across the globe, reinforcing the idea that combating climate change is a shared responsibility requiring collective effort.

        • Protecting Vulnerable Communities: The discussions emphasize the disproportionate impact of climate change on small island nations and under-resourced countries, advocating for their protection and support.

        The ICJ’s findings could influence future climate negotiations and encourage stronger commitments from nations. They may also serve as a legal foundation for individuals and communities seeking justice for climate-related harm. Beyond the legal aspects, these hearings inspire hope for a unified global response to the climate crisis, demonstrating how international law can be leveraged to create meaningful change.

        By tackling these critical issues, the hearings demonstrate the power of international law in addressing one of the most pressing challenges of our time.

        Summing Up

        The ICJ’s public hearings on climate change obligations are an important contribution to the fight against the global climate crisis. By clarifying the legal responsibilities of states, these proceedings offer a beacon of hope for more accountable and cooperative international action.

        How to Follow the Hearings

        Here are ways you can follow the hearings via live-streaming:

        Ghana’s Second-Hand Clothing Industry: A Circular Economy Success Story Unfolding

        / activist360
        Circular image of used segmented used clothing on left with the words Ghana's Second-Hand Clothing Trade Success Story on right
        Ghana’s Second-Hand Clothing Trade Success Story. Credit: activist360

        Jobs, Revenue, and the Environment: Unpacking Ghana’s Second-Hand Clothing Trade

        The second-hand clothing (SHC) industry plays a vital role in Ghana’s economy, providing affordable clothing options and supporting millions of livelihoods. Beyond its economic benefits, this trade represents a sustainable approach to addressing global fashion waste. However, misconceptions about waste and quality often overshadow its positive impact. The Ghana Used Clothing Dealers Association published a report earlier this year on the socio-economic and environmental impact of the second-hand clothes trade in Ghana. We take this week’s post as our opportunity dive into the contributions of the SHC trade in Ghana and highlight opportunities for sustainable growth.

        The Socio-Economic Benefits of the SHC Trade

        Employment Generator

        The SHC trade is a significant source of employment in Ghana, directly and indirectly supporting around 2.5 million people. This includes roles such as importers, retailers, tailors, drivers, and waste pickers. These jobs are particularly important for youth and marginalized groups, providing stable income opportunities where few alternatives exist. For many families, this trade is their primary means of livelihood, demonstrating its profound impact on society.

        Boosting Government Revenue

        The SHC trade not only benefits individuals but also contributes significantly to Ghana’s economy. In 2022, the sector generated $29.5 million in government revenue through import taxes. This amount is noteworthy because it exceeds the funding allocated to major poverty alleviation programs such as the Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) initiative. These revenues are vital for national development and help sustain critical social services.

        Affordable Apparel

        For most Ghanaians, SHC provides a lifeline to affordable clothing. Approximately 95% of the population relies on second-hand clothing to meet their fashion needs. These clothes are not just inexpensive but also durable, allowing families to allocate their limited resources to other essential expenses, such as education and healthcare. The widespread availability of SHC has made it an integral part of Ghana’s consumer culture.

        Environmental Impact and Circular Economy

        Promoting Sustainability

        One of the greatest advantages of the SHC trade is its contribution to sustainability. By reusing and recycling clothing, the trade reduces the environmental footprint of fast fashion, which is known for generating significant waste and pollution. Each item of clothing that is reused extends its lifecycle, keeping it out of landfills and reducing the demand for new textile production.

        Minimal Waste Levels

        Contrary to misconceptions, the SHC trade in Ghana generates minimal waste. Research shows that only about 5% of imported second-hand clothing bales are unsellable. Traders often find creative ways to repurpose these items, ensuring that very little ends up as waste. This efficiency is a testament to the industry’s adaptability and its alignment with circular economy principles.

        Waste Management Practices

        The SHC trade has developed effective strategies to handle unsold items:

        • Discount sales: Items are sold at reduced prices to clear inventory.
        • Donations: Unsold clothes are donated to local charities and community groups.
        • Recycling initiatives: Textiles are repurposed into cleaning materials or industrial inputs, reducing waste and creating additional value.

        Addressing Misconceptions

        Dispelling the Dumping Myth

        A prevalent misconception is that Ghana serves as a dumping ground for low-quality clothing from Western countries. However, evidence suggests otherwise: 95% of imported second-hand clothes are high-quality and suitable for resale. This challenges the narrative that SHC imports are predominantly waste and highlights the rigorous selection processes employed by traders.

        Quality Assurance

        Importers and retailers in Ghana go to great lengths to ensure the quality of second-hand clothing. They collaborate with trusted suppliers, conduct regular inspections, and adhere to strict industry standards. In fact, 80% of traders follow specific certifications to maintain quality. These efforts ensure that consumers receive valuable and durable clothing.

        Challenges and Opportunities

        Regulatory and Infrastructure Gaps

        Despite its many benefits, the SHC trade faces challenges, particularly in waste management. Ghana lacks robust recycling systems and sustainable disposal infrastructure. Addressing these gaps could enhance the industry’s environmental impact and create new economic opportunities, such as jobs in recycling and upcycling sectors.

        Innovations in Upcycling

        Upcycling is a growing trend in Ghana, where entrepreneurs transform old or unsellable clothing into higher-value items such as bags, rugs, and accessories. This innovative approach not only reduces waste but also creates new revenue streams for small businesses. Encouraging upcycling initiatives could significantly bolster the circular economy in Ghana.

        Summing Up

        The second-hand clothing trade in Ghana is a shining example of how economic development and sustainability can go hand in hand. By supporting millions of livelihoods, generating significant government revenue, and promoting environmentally friendly practices, the SHC industry addresses critical socio-economic and environmental challenges. Ghana’s transition to a circular economy is an example of how we can build a future where fashion benefits both people and the planet.

        Source: Odonkor, S., Metropolitan Research and Education Bureau, & E-volution International. (2024). An evaluation of the socio-economic and environmental impact of the second-hand clothes trade in Ghana. Ghana Used Clothing Dealers Association.

        The Hidden Cost of Climate Change: How Air Pollution Impacts Eye Health

        / activist360
        Image of irritated eye on left with
        Air Pollution Impacts Eye Health. Credit: activist360

        How Air Pollution from Climate Change is Taking a Toll on Our Eyes—and What We Can Do About It

        Climate change is often discussed in terms of rising sea levels and extreme weather, but did you know it could also be affecting your eyes? Recent research has found a striking link between air pollution—a byproduct of climate change—and eye health issues like irritation and allergies. For example, high levels of air pollution can double the likelihood of needing treatment for conditions like dry eye syndrome.

        Understanding the Science

        What is Particulate Matter (PM)?

        Particulate matter, or PM, is a mix of tiny particles and droplets in the air that come from sources like vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, and even wildfires. The two main types, PM10 (particles smaller than 10 micrometers) and PM2.5 (smaller than 2.5 micrometers), are small enough to be inhaled or settle on the surface of your eyes. These pollutants are closely tied to human activities that drive climate change, such as burning fossil fuels.

        How Does PM Affect Eye Health?

        Your eyes are directly exposed to the environment, making them especially vulnerable to pollution. Particles can irritate the surface of the eyes, causing redness, itching, dryness, and even long-term conditions like dry eye syndrome. When exposed to high levels of particulate matter, the protective tear film on the eyes can break down, leading to discomfort and inflammation.

        Key Findings from Recent Research

        A study conducted in the Denver Metropolitan Area found significant connections between air pollution and eye health:

        • Higher Pollution, More Doctor Visits: Visits for eye irritation and allergies increased as pollution levels rose. For example, five days of exposure to PM10 at 110 µg/m³ made patients over twice as likely to seek treatment compared to lower pollution levels.

        • PM10 vs. PM2.5: While both types of particulate matter were linked to eye issues, PM10 had a stronger impact, especially during colder temperatures.

        • Beyond EPA Limits: Eye health effects were observed even at pollution levels below those considered harmful by the Environmental Protection Agency.

        These findings align with broader studies that link air pollution to respiratory and cardiovascular conditions, highlighting air quality as a serious health concern.

        Broader Implications

        Climate Change as a Health Crisis

        This study underscores how climate change is not just an environmental issue—it’s a public health emergency. The pollutants contributing to global warming are also causing immediate harm to our bodies, including our eyes.

        Eye Health as an Overlooked Area

        While much attention is given to the respiratory and cardiovascular effects of pollution, the impact on eye health often goes unnoticed. This gap in awareness means millions of people could be suffering unnecessarily.

        What Can You Do?

        While collective action to hold polluters accountable is essential, here are some practical steps you can take to protect yourself and advocate for meaningful change.

        Protect Yourself

        • Indoors: Use air purifiers to reduce indoor pollution levels.

        • Outdoors: Wear protective glasses and avoid outdoor activities on days with poor air quality.

        • Stay Informed: Check local air quality advisories and adjust your plans accordingly.

        Advocate for Change

        • Support local and national politicians and policies that reduce emissions and improve air quality, such as stricter vehicle emissions standards and renewable energy initiatives.

        • Join or support organizations fighting for clean air and climate solutions.

        Routine Eye Care

        • Schedule regular eye exams, especially if you live in areas with frequent air pollution.

        • Discuss symptoms like dryness or irritation with your eye doctor, as early treatment can prevent more serious issues.

        Summing Up

        The link between air pollution and eye health is clear: the higher the pollution, the greater the risk. But this isn’t just about statistics—it’s about our quality of life. By taking steps to protect yourself and advocating for cleaner air, you’re not just preserving your vision but contributing to a healthier, more sustainable world. Remember, protecting our planet isn’t just about saving the environment—it’s about protecting our health, including our eyes!

        References:

        Patnaik, J. L., Dye-Robinson, A., James, K. A., & Kahook, M. Y. (2024). Association Between Particulate Matter Pollutants and Ophthalmology Visits for Ocular Surface Irritation and Allergy. Clinical Ophthalmology, 18, 3263–3270. https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S485199